How a bill becomes an act in the english Parliament ?

HOW A BILL BECOMES AN ACT IN THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT

  1. First Reading – the Bill is formally introduced into the House of Commons
  2. Second Reading – there is a general debate on the floor of the House and then a vote is taken. The vote may have two results: (i) a majority vote in favour of the Bill or (ii) no majority vote in favour of the Bill. In the first case (affirmative majority vote) the Standing Committee examines the Bill clause by clause and considers the amendments. In the second case (no majority vote in favour), the Bill is rejected or re-introduced in an amended form.
  3. After examination by the Standing Committee, the Bill is ‘reported’ back to the House for the Third Reading, which allows further general debate. After the 3rd Reading a new vote is taken. The vote may have two results: (i) a majority vote in favour of the Bill or (ii) no majority vote in favour of the Bill. In the first case (affirmative majority vote), the Bill is sent to the House of Lords for a similar procedure. In the second case (no majority vote in favour), the Bill is rejected or re-introduced in an amended form.
  4. The Bill is examined in the House of Lords. A vote is then taken, which may have two results: (i) a majority vote in favour of the Bill or (ii) no majority vote in favour of the Bill. In the first case (affirmative majority vote), the Bill is sent forward for the monarch to give the Royal Assent (to be signed by the sovereign ). After the Royal Assent, the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament.
  5. In the second case (no majority vote in favour), the Bill is referred back to the House of Commons. The Bill is re-passed by the House of Commons in identical form in two successive sessions, with at least 1 year separating the 2nd Reading in the 1st session from the 3rd Reading in the 2nd session, then the rejections of the House of Lords are finally overruled. As yet, this statutory procedure has not been invoked.

THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT

In England the ultimate legislator is the Parliament because in the English traditional constitutional theory parliament is sovereign. This means that all legislative power within the realm is vested in Parliament or it is derived from the authority of Parliament, and it also means that there is no legal limit to the power of Parliament. Parliament enacts legislation and also delegates legislative power to other bodies or even individuals, but it may also, by ACT, remove these powers as simply as it has conferred them. Thus, Parliament is sovereign in matters of legislation enactment, but the courts also have an influence upon the development of enacted law. How so? Well, in order to be applied, every enactment, however it be promulgated, has to be interpreted by the courts, the role of which as interpreters of law is generally recognized.